Grammar

Complex Sentences: Conjoining

The Conjunctors ( Part 2 of 2 )

Type A Counter-expectation
  • Conjunctors:
    • pero
    • nguni't
    • subali't
    • datapwa't
    • gayon (pa) man
      • but
  • Particles:
    • na (first clause)
    • pa (second clause)
  • Example: Mayaman na siya, pero nagtatrabaho pa rin siya.

The first clause is a statement that carries certain expectations. The second clause is not one of these expectations. It asserts the opposite of one of the expectations. In the first example, the expectation is that anyone who has become rich should stop working.

Sentences in context give rise to any number of expectations. A simple sentence like the following may have any number of expectations.

Possible Expectations
Nakatayo na si Arthur. Handa na siyang lumakad.
Gusto na niyang umuwi.
Maaabot na niya ang ilaw.
Mas malaki siya kay Ramon.

These expectations may turn out to be false. That is, their negation may be true, giving rise to counter-expectations.

  • Nakatayo na si Arthur, pero hindi pa siya handang lumakad.
  • Nakatayo na si Arthur, pero ayaw pa niyang umuwi.
  • Nakatayo na si Arthur, pero hindi pa niya maaabot ang ilaw.
  • Nakatayo na si Arthur, pero maliit pa rin siya kay Charo.

These sentences are much better with the particles na in the first clause, and the particle pa in the second clause. Another set of particles that occurs in counter-expectations is nga in the first clause and naman in the second clause.

  • Luma nga ang bahay, pero maganda naman.

The conjunctors nguni't, datapwa't, and subali't are too formal for use in everyday speech.

Type B Counter-expectation
  • Conjunctor: at (and)
  • Particle: pa (second clause)
  • Example: Dumating si Oscar kahapon, at nakakotse pa!

As in Type A counter-expectation, the cause clause in Type B constructions contain a statement that is not expected to occur with the first clause.

  • Nagtatakbo si Mario, at lumingon pa!
  • Kumanta si Ana sa entablado, at sumayaw pa!

In speech, the particle pa in the second clause is heavily stressed. The expectations are:

  • Dapat e hindi na lumingon pa si Mario.
  • Dapat e hindi na sumayaw pa si Ana.

They are the negatives of the second clauses.

A common use of the second clause of an at...pa conjunction is to express sarcasm. The examples below express the idea that the speaker does not believe that the person spoken about is capable of performing the action, or that he considers it wrong or inappropriate for him to do so.

  • Aba, at nakakotse pa!
  • Aba, at naka-Amerikana pa!
  • At nag-ambisyon pa!
Type C Counter-expectation
  • Conjunctors:
    • imbis na
    • Sa halip na
      • instead of
  • Example: Nanuod ng TV si Glenda, sa halip na magluto.

The second clause states the expectation, but the conjunctor eliminates it as an occurrence; what actually happened is stated in the first clause.

  • Nagwaldas ng salapi si Dante, sa halip na nag-aral na mabuti.
  • Natulog si Minda, imbis na nagbantay siya.
The expectations are:
  • Dapat na nag-aral na mabuti si Dante.
  • Dapat na nagbantay si Minda.

In this type of counter-expectation, the second clause states the expectation which the conjunctor negates. In the previous two types discussed, the second clause states the opposite of the expectation.

  • Conjunctors:
    • kahit (na)
    • gayong
    • samantala
    • bagama't
      • although; in spite of the fact that
  • Particles:
    • (pa)(rin)...(na)
    • (na)...(pa)(rin)
  • Example: Mabigat si Alejandro kahit payat siya.

The first clause is a statement with some assumptions, and the second clause states the opposite of one of the assumptions. In the example above, the assertion in the first clause that Alejandro is heavy carries the assumption (at least in the mind of the speaker) that he could not have a slim physique. The second clause states that he, in fact, is slim.

Study the following conjunctions:
  • Mahilig pa rin si Doug sa laro, kahit na matanda na siya.
    • Assertion: Mahilig si Doug sa laro.
    • Assumption: Bata pa siya.
    • Counter-Assumption: Matanda na siya.
  • Maganda pa si Digna, gayong pito na ang anak niya.
    • Assertion: Maganda si Digna.
    • Assumption: Kakaunti ang anak niya.
    • Counter-Assumption: Marami na siyang anak.
  • Madilim na, samantalang maaga pa.
    • Assertion: Madilim na.
    • Assumption: Gabi na.
    • Counter-Assumption: Maaga pa.

The counter-expectation clause is the assertion in a counter-assumption conjunction. The counter-assumption clause is the assertion in a counter-expectation conjunction. This is illustrated in the following sentences.

  • Counter-assumption: Nagtatrabaho pa rin siya, kahit mayaman na.
  • Counter-expectation: Mayaman na siya, pero nagtatrabaho pa rin siya.

  • Conjunctors:
    • para (noon / sa gayon (ay))
    • upang (noon / sa gayon (ay))
    • at nang (noon / sa gayon (ay))
      • so that
  • Example: Magpraktis kang mabuti, para humusay ka.

The second clause serves as a purpose for carrying out the first clause. The linker ay may be contracted to 'y or entirely omitted.

  • Kumain ka ng marami, para noon hindi ka gutumin.
  • Magtiyaga tayo, at nang sa gayo'y> bumuti ang buhay natin.

Upang and sa gayon are infrequent in informal speech.

  • Conjunctors:
    • "o" (or)
    • "o kung hindi man" (or if not)
  • Example: Sumulat ka, o tumawag ka ng long distance.

The second conjunct is offered as an alternative to the first. The particle kaya occurs optionally in one or the other clause.

  • Pupunta ako sa inyo, o kung hindi man magpapasabi ako.
  • Sa Fabian ang gawin nating presidente, o kaya si Angelo.

  • Conjunctors:
    • (ka)pag
    • kung
    • kung (saka-)sakali (man) at
      • if; just in case
    • sa sandaling
    • oras na
      • the moment
    • basta't
      • as long as
    • tuwing
      • every time
  • Example: Kakandidato si Ben, kung hihilingin ng mga tao.

The second clause expresses a condition that must be satisfied if the first clause is to be true.

  • Pakakasal ako sa iyo, pag puti ng uwak.
  • Pupunta ako sa parke, kung hihinto ang ulan.
  • Pagsasabihan ko si Damian, oras na, makita ko siya.
  • Umaasim ang sikmura ni Joana, tuwing, makikita niya si Dan.

(Saka-)sakali (at) adds to the remoteness of the plausibility of the condition.

  • Tatawagan kita, kung saka-sakali ma't madadaan uli ako rito.
  • Babalatuhan kita, kung sakali't palarin ako.

The conditional second clause, when introduced by kung, may be used alone to express a wish.

  • Kung president lang sana ako.
  • Kung milyonaryo lang ako.

Used with the conjunctor at, the conditional expresses a dare or a challenge.

  • At kung hindi ako umalis (, ano'ng gagawin mo)?
  • At kung ayoko?

These constructions express a temporal relationship between the events of the component clauses. There are a number of possibilities: the event of the second clause may have started earlier or later or simultaneously with the event of the first clause. The conjunction may focus on the fact that both events are ongoing, or that they will terminate simultaneously.

Simultaneous start

  • Conjunctors:
    • mula nang / mula pa noong
    • sapul nang / sapul pa noong
    • buhat nang / buhat pa noong
      • since
  • Examples:
    • Namayat na si Dindo, buhat nang iwanan siya ni Tarcilla.
    • Umunti na ang mga bata dito, sapul pa noong magkaroon ng elektrisidad.
    • Bumabang lalo ang tingin ko sa kanya, buhat nang iwan niya si Virgilio.

Simultaneous ongoing

  • Conjunctors:
    • habang
    • samantala
      • while
  • Examples:
    • Magtiis mamaluktot habang maikli ang kumot.
    • Nag-volunteer si Ali, samantalang wala siyang trabaho.

Simultaneous termination

  • Conjunctors:
    • hanggang (sa) [until]
    • = habang hindi [while not]
  • Examples:
    • Dumito ka muna, hanggang sa makakita ka ng trabaho.
    • Dumito ka muna, habang hindi ka nakakakita ng trabaho.
    • Nagtrabaho si Jaime, hanggang lumawit ang dila niya.

Sequential

The event in the second clause occurs after the event in the first clause.

  • Conjunctors:
    • bago (pa) [even before]
    • nang [when]
    • at pagkatapos [and afterwards]
  • Examples:
    • Sunog na ang bahay nang dumating ang mga bumbero.
    • Nakatakbo na ang magnanakaw, bago dumating ang pulis.
    • Nagsalita si Deo, at pagkatapos, tumutol si Martin.
    • Nasa daan na si Max, nang bumuhos ang malakas na ulan.

Reverse Sequential

The event of the second clause occurs before the event of the first clause.

  • Conjunctors: pagkatapos [after]
  • Examples:
    • Inantok na bigla si Ester, pagkatapos niyang uminom ng gatas.