El Niño and La Niña events that persist for multiple years may become more common, which can exacerbate the associated risks of drought, fire, rains and floods.
Kamaʻehuakanaloa (formerly Lōʻihi Seamount), a submarine volcano located about 20 miles off the south coast of Hawaiʻi Island, has erupted at least five times.
The largest submarine volcanic eruption of this century led to a dramatic phytoplankton bloom north of the island of Tongatapu, in the Kingdom of Tonga.
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