The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the growth of teleworking in the U.S. The result leaves states grappling with the issue of how best to tax the incomes of employees who live in one state but work remotely for employers located in another state. A new University of Hawaiʻi Economic Research Organization (UHERO) brief explores current policies on taxing teleworking income across the U.S. and provides two possible solutions to the growing issues states are facing.
Situation in Hawaiʻi and U.S.
In Hawaiʻi, residents are taxed on income from all sources (some may be taxed by other jurisdictions as well). Non-residents are taxed on income from Hawaiʻi sources only, and the calculation of Hawaiʻi-sourced income is based on the number of days an employee is physically present in Hawaiʻi. To avoid double-taxation, 41 states and the District of Columbia allow income taxes paid to another state to be credited against income tax liabilities in their home state.
Growing dispute due to COVID-19
A dispute between two states has made its way to the U.S. Supreme Court. New Hampshire petitioned the nation’s highest court to rule whether it is constitutional for Massachusetts to continue to impose its income tax on New Hampshire residents who used to commute to work in Massachusetts, but now (because of the pandemic), work entirely from home in New Hampshire for Massachusetts companies. Hawaiʻi and three other states expressed their support of New Hampshire.
Possible solutions
UHERO noted that the current practice of taxing workers based on their physical presence at work is considered by many to be outmoded. To better fit the new world of teleworking, the first solution UHERO provides is for stakeholder states to get together and forge an agreement on a formula to apportion income not strictly based on physical presence. A key concern with adopting the apportionment approach is that it will lead to not only increased employee and employer tax compliance costs (timesheet reporting, internal audits, etc.), it will also create demand for new and expensive systems of revenue administration. UHERO, however, said these issues are not insurmountable.
The second approach UHERO provides is to tax individuals based on where the person lives rather than on where the income is received. According to UHERO, taxation of income on the basis of residence eases the compliance burden of taxpayers and can be particularly important in border states. This residence principle is already practiced in 17 states, where they make reciprocal agreements with other states to not tax non-resident earned income.
UHERO notes that the apportionment approach works best when all stakeholder states participate in the arrangement. However, getting all the states to participate would be difficult, and data shows that Hawaiʻi will lose substantial income tax revenues (in excess of $100 million in tax year 2018) if the state joined the arrangement.
UHERO is housed in UH Mānoa’s College of Social Sciences.
Read the entire brief on UHERO’s website.
This work is an example of UH Mānoa’s goal of Excellence in Research: Advancing the Research and Creative Work Enterprise (PDF), one of four goals identified in the 2015–25 Strategic Plan (PDF), updated in December 2020.
